Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Man-made brainpower - Research Paper Example In this situation, our ability to blend information from every one of these zones will in the long run advance our advancement in the quest for making an AI animal (Champandard) and (Russell and Norvig). This paper presents a point by point diagram of man-made consciousness. This paper will likewise talk about different ideas that are related with computerized reasoning. Foundation of Artificial Intelligence Artificial insight (AI) is the part of software engineering which centers around creating different machines that can complete exercises which individuals can think. Also, the plan to assemble canny machines has schemed people since most punctual occasions and these days with the appearance of the PC innovation alongside fifty years of thorough examination into man-made reasoning acts of programming, the vision of rich and savvy machines is ending up being a sureness. ... In addition, as per different scientists, AI has gone past far away from its fundamental induction. In this situation, the underlying phases of computerized reasoning have gone opposite sooner than gadgets field to arithmetic just as scholars like that Boole and other people who have been hypothesizing the rules that were utilized as the establishment of the rationale of man-made consciousness. Generally, the possibility of man-made reasoning was first utilized in 1943 with the making of the PC machine. More than the following 4 decades, paying little mind to various conditional hinders; man-made brainpower has created from a few agents, to a huge number of assorted specialists just as a great deal of limit building specialists (ThinkQuest) and (Champandard). Besides, man-made brainpower has everlastingly been on the progressive side of software engineering innovation. In this situation, more elevated level dialects of PC, just as PC interfaces and word handling owe their continuatio n to the examination into AI. Furthermore, the theory and recognition delivered by man-made consciousness research will place the improvement in the possibility of PC field. In addition, a great deal of items available these days are simply bits and segments of what are by and by to seek after, anyway they are considered as an advancement toward the forthcoming period of AI. The advancements in the interest proposed for AI have, and will persevere to impact our business forms, lives, training and different fields of life widely (ThinkQuest) and (Champandard). History of Artificial Intelligence The advancement of AI fantasies can be stepped back to early Egypt, anyway with the making of the electronic PC during the year 1941; the

The Future of E

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction Changes in Learning Models Widely utilized apparatuses in e-picking up Changing job of the educator and student Ways of passing judgment on the adequacy of e-learning Conclusion Reference List Introduction E-learning is a learning procedure that is created through collaboration with content that is passed on in an advanced structure dependent on arrange benefits under the direction of a coach. PC innovation intercedes this sort of learning. PCs might be set to get computerized data from far spots, or might be set up in a classroom.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Future of E-Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Wenchieh Wu (2010, p. 312), e-learning has moved the modalities of instructing from the customary one-on-one educating in homerooms to data innovation guided training. E-learning is adaptable, self-sorted out, customized, and understudy focused. It has scarcely any breaks from companions and guides. It very well may be network based. Educators, facilitators, and students can cooperate online along these lines sparing time, vitality, and space. As innovation progresses, e-learning is relied upon to take an altogether different way. This paper accordingly talks about the eventual fate of e-learning on the planet. Changes in Learning Models With the wide acknowledgment of data innovation and advanced relocation on the planet, learning models will undoubtedly transform from their conventional way to deal with a cutting edge ICT-based methodology. The learning condition will totally change, with students obtaining some important abilities that will empower them adjust to the e-learning condition. Learning model will move to students being free instead of having an educator at whatever point they are learning. Understudies will be required to work independently with almost no immediate oversight of the instructor. Koohang and Paliszkiewicz (2013, p. 109) conte nd that content conveyance in e-learning will change the one-on-one conveyance from an educator to-student in a study hall circumstance to mechanized data transport. This move will be so particularly in the courses that are electronic in nature, with students getting all the necessary rules on the web. The modalities of inspecting students will likewise move from study hall assessments that are legitimately administered by coaches to online assessments with almost no guideline by teachers. Students will be provided with online assessments that they will be required to handle and submit on the web. Systems to check literary theft are as of now set up in the greater part of establishments that offer the e-learning alternative to their understudies. Be that as it may, there is a requirement for restraint, inspiration, and duty on the student. Social connection that was a lot of present in the conventional strategy is likewise profoundly diminished. This circumstance is in opposition to the past circumstance where students would sit in study halls to mingle straightforwardly with the two educators and individual understudies. This model is efficient, productive, and student focused. It likewise offers the student and the director time to complete other activities.Advertising Looking for article on training? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Widely utilized devices in e-learning Various devices will be pivotal for the accomplishment of the e-learning process. E-learning is PC subordinate. It is in this manner inconceivable for students and educators to carryout e-learning without enough PCs available to them. Koohang and Paliszkiewicz (2013, p. 109) affirm that learning materials and substance in e-learning are set up on PCs. Indeed, e-learning is likewise alluded to as PC based learning because of its overwhelming dependence on PCs. Teodora, Mioara, and Magdalena (2013, p. 150) uncover that e-learning is ad ditionally viewed as CPU-based preparing since the entire procedure of readiness of showing materials, showing assets, transport of learning materials, guidelines, assessments, and even assessment is finished utilizing PCs and PC innovation. Different sight and sound bundles are likewise required in e-learning, for instance visual communication programming, video bundles, sound bundles, and content bundles. Sight and sound innovation empowers coaches and students to get to data. PCs can't get to some data without establishment of some working programming. Various substance require diverse programming to get to. If there should be an occurrence of simultaneous learning, different devices are utilized, for example, camcorders and sound gadgets. Such gadgets are utilized to impart straightforwardly from guides to students. Teodora, Mioara, and Magdalena (2013, p. 150) call attention to that students in e-learning use messages, newsgroups, weblogs, and online notice sheets to react to t he guides. It is along these lines imperative to have equipment devices, for example, PCs or work stations and their embellishments. It is additionally essential for one to have web network particularly with high data transmission, the fundamental programming, a solid wellspring of intensity, and instructors. Data stockpiling equipment, for example, minimized plates, streak circles, and computerized adaptable circles are additionally imperative to the two understudies and mentors. Furniture is likewise important for putting PCs and work areas. Changing job of the teacher and student Wenchieh Wu (2010, 312) sees that the student is the most significant part of e-learning. The job of the student in the conventional learning strategies was to some degree detached contrasted with e-learning. Educators were additionally dynamic in planning, preparing, and disclosing data to students. With e-learning, the students are required to comprehend the desire for the e-adapting course for which t hey register. Such understanding incorporates comprehension of the substance, the structure, and the arrangement of the preparation. The student is accused of the duty of specifically understanding the prerequisite of the learning procedure. This circumstance is not normal for the customary realizing where the instructor was responsible for the learning procedure and necessities. Duty shifts from instructors to students with the commencement of e-learning.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Future of E-Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kok (2013, p. 20) avows that it is likewise the job of the student to obtain the vital aptitudes for working the PCs so as to speak with mentors and even to get to data on the web. This case is not normal for the conventional models where data was conveyed in print structure or composed on the chalkboard by educators as the understudies duplicate it. Educators will just set up the substance and send i t to the students on the web. The job of the student will likewise move since the person in question will should have some specialized aptitudes and equipment to get to data on PCs, process it, and use it for the correct reason. The educator changes from a data processer to a teacher. In opposition to the conventional showing techniques, understudies would just be required to have books, pens, and other understanding materials. With e-learning, it is the job of the student to have or to get to the equipment. Aasen (2013, p. 11) sees that the customary learning condition included the consistent control and management of the student by bosses. With the origin of e-learning, the student is accused of the job of self-oversight and the executives. The person should time oneself other than having other individual activities to learn. Methods of making a decision about the adequacy of e-learning For e-figuring out how to be compelling and plausible, there is a need to put resources into it as far as cash, time, personnel, and administration. The adequacy of e-learning can be assessed through procedure examination and result evaluation. Procedure evaluation will include looking at the restrictions and force of the educational program. It is conceivable to evaluate the procedure through friend audits of the program’s content. One can likewise assess the capacity and speed of route through online archives for e-learning. The learning materials can likewise be checked for consistence with the gauges for learning. Utilization of mixed media in sending and getting data ought to likewise be assessed. As per Kok (2013, p. 20), the capacity of the student to open, explore and utilize the materials ought to show comprehension of the procedure. It is significant whether the student has the necessary equipment for e-learning. The capacity of the person in question to utilize different programming/devices that are required for e-learning ought to likewise be assessed. Tsai (2011, p. 146) asserts that the result assessment technique utilizes parameters, for example, change of conduct subsequent to learning and fulfillment. Aasen (2013, p. 11) affirms that one can assess whether the students were happy with the substance, the strategy for conveyance, and the effect through the degree of information that the student appears to have picked up. Tsai (2011, p. 145) attests that learning is said to have occurred when there is a difference in conduct. It is accordingly conceivable to know whether the student learnt through e-learning by conduct perception. Students can likewise be assessed through assessments. Great execution means that learning and understanding.Advertising Searching for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Determination E-learning is a quick creating instructive model that is probably going to supplant the conventional learning. This model will change the techniques for guidelines, as it is more student focused comparative with the customary model. Students will get to data by means of PCs, interface by means of PCs, and be assessed by means of PCs. Different devices, for example, PC programming and equipment will be required in e-learning. The job of the student will transform from an aloof beneficiary of handled data to a functioning processer

SIPA Love Stories Andrea and Pal COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Love Stories Andrea and Pal COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our fifth  love story of the week features a beautiful photo from the couples wedding day in 1975.   Andrea  and Pals SIPA love story: Andrea + Pal “While we met pre-Columbia, we only started dating during our graduate studies there, and Columbia was the natural place to get married. This picture is of our May 1975 wedding in St. Pauls Chapel (noted at the time in the NY Times), which was followed by a luncheon/reception in Butler Hall.” Andrea (SIPA 1973) and Pal (CC 1969; GSAPP 1976) Find the entire Love Stories collection in  Columbia Alumni Associations  Facebook album.

Analysis Of New Orleans After The Deluge - 1703 Words

The Juxtaposition Graphic novels have the ability to portray multiple perspectives and can cleverly represent as many groups an author believes is needed. What becomes the decision of the author is which perspective deems more important or more fascinating. Depending on which the author decides to portray, there tends to be different effects on the readers. Neufeld uses Scott’s Mccloud’s ideas from Understanding Comics, such as adding detail to a character to differentiate them from the reader in order to induce certain emotions. The perspective taken from the primary source may receive more empathy or distaste depending on who the author chooses to represent. Through detailing certain character, this focus is made clear to be on the victims. However, graphic novels are sometimes subject to biases and misinterpretations, which can belittle the authenticity of the accounts being given. Different accounts of the events hold different biases. They could either represent th ose who have undergone the specific event or that of someone who has speculated from the outside. In A.D. New Orleans after the Deluge, Josh Neufeld represents a perspective not commonly exemplified, as he assigns different perspectives to his character and juxtaposes them using the dialogue from their interactions. A different view of the story is told, and reasons to the questionable, or unethical actions of the victims are brought into focus and analyzed through a perspective that sides with the victims.Show MoreRelatedHurricane Katrina And Its Impact On The United States1592 Words   |  7 PagesStates (Chambers, 2007). According to Brinkley (2006), the hurricane occurred on August 29th, 2005, and had a massive physical impact on the land and to the residents of New Orleans City .Before the hurricane; there was massive destruction of the wetlands besides construction of canals which increased the erosion rates in the lands. After the floods, much of the city’s water was contaminated leading to the loss of the aquatic lives and indigenous plants (Galea Brewin, 2007). Introduction Arguably, theRead MoreReading Culture 5th Edition By Diana George And John Trimbur977 Words   |  4 Pagestheir several definitions on the word â€Å"culture† and how it was used differently as time passed by. The authors also expressed their thoughts on digital communication and presented arguments from various writers who depict the pros and cons of this new cyber age of connectivity and interactivity. Forty-eight pages of academically- acclaimed arguments, illustrations, and essay examples help the reader understand what culture is and their composition course better. Most Americans are not aware of theRead MoreKansas City Hyatt Collapse : An Investigation Into The Design1938 Words   |  8 Pages2006). New Orleans Levee Break On August 29, 2005, disaster struck New Orleans, Louisiana in the form of Hurricane Katrina. Since the city is 10 feet below sea level, it is susceptible to large amounts of flooding (Bunch, 2005). Because of this, the city set out early, in 1946, to protect itself from that very issue by building levees (Schwanz, Sills, Vroman, Wahl, 2008). When the hurricane hit, disaster struck and the levees were breeched and broke, killing 1,570 people (Levin, 2006). After the disasterRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2342 Words   |  10 Pageswater. It was August 29, 2005, when the hurricane entered the warm water of the Gulf and grew to be a monstrous storm. So monstrous, that it destroyed anything in its path. The hurricane that we now call Katrina had swept away the entire city of New Orleans. Many people lost family members and the storm caused an abundance of property damage. It was reported that the hurricane killed about 1,800. The number of damages totaled $108 billion dollars. Just im agine seeing your neighbor, your family membersRead MoreEssay on The Culture of Sports2013 Words   |  9 Pageslike baseball, football, particularly the New Orleans Saints, were able to unite people of different racial backgrounds for a common cause. Hurricane Katrina quickly became a site of racial bitterness. Those who had not evacuated the city of New Orleans were primarily African-American. In the wake of the storm, the city of New Orleans was left in a state of destruction unimaginable by most. Due to the breach in the New Orleans levee system caused by the deluge of rain and whipping winds, tsunami-likeRead MorePolice Corruption3338 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis of Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an articleRead MoreHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 Words   |  23 PagesReformation was a religious movement that resulted in a dissension between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Renaissance means new birth’ and refers to the revival of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the Fourteenth and Sixteenth centuries. This was an era when educated and talented people rediscovered the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome and developed new ideas about their world. Despite major advances in the sciences, nursing education was practically nonexistent. This isRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesDESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley SonsRead MoreState and Local Tax Outline42910 Words   |  172 Pagescan’t offend traditional notions of fair play Downloaded From OutlineDepot.com 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. and substantial justice. Minimum connection btwn state and person/property/or trans to tax. CC: How is this analysis different from the DP analysis? The main issue is whether it is unduly burdensome to interstate commerce. Is it burdensome to require out of state vendor to collect tax (i.e. in Quill). Must have substantial nexus a. It could be extremely burdensome, becauseRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pageson the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a New Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-7 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (B): Cleaning Up an Information Systems Debacle CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO

Internal And External Factors at AAM - 1189 Words

AAM Internal/External Factors American Axle Manufacturing (AAM) was formed in 1994. AAM is one of North Americas leading providers of drive train components for the SUV market. AAM is the largest provider of Driveline systems in the United States. AAM has five manufacturing plants in the United States as well as other plants located in Mexico, Brazil, and Scotland. AAM also has offices in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific. As a company of this size, corporate planning is a vital function to deal with external and internal factors, in which, the companys goals or objectives are achieved. In addition, a well-defined strategic planning implemented will be the guidelines in dealing with each factor, such as, globalization, innovation, and†¦show more content†¦Americans have been ideologically averse to government involvement in their lives, especially in the world of commerce. The domain of private enterprise. The theory was that firms competed against other firms in open markets. The Japanese and other cultures have shown that this view of the world was not only unrealistic, but also a handicap. There are many firms cooperating with one another and with the government that have emerged to become fierce competitors. Globalization has clearly enriched the rich in the industrial worlds of Asia, Europe, and North America. At the same time, it has widened the gap between rich and poor both within and among countries. AAM started to be globally competitive in 1996, when the plant in Guanajaunto, Mexico was built. AAM had the vision that to be globally competitive, companies must develop business opportunities within the country they choose to do business within. AAM has gone on to build plants in Europe and Brazil. Although some external factors are uncontrollable, innovation is controllable. Todays ultra-competitive automotive marketplace demands superior product, process and systems technology. It requires people with in-depth technical know-how and a spirit of innovation. The results areShow MoreRelatedEgypt Economy11120 Words   |  45 Pagesto the country but declined greatly the following year. Many workers who worked abroad and sent money back home suffered as well as jobs in the Gulf Coast were cut backed or shutdown. Also, the large gap between the rich and poor is also a major factor in there high inflation rate CHAPTER –II INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCOMPUTERS MICROPROCESSOR †¢ A Microprocessor is a multipurpose, Programmable clock-driven, register based electronic device that read binaryRead MoreEgypt Economy11108 Words   |  45 Pagesto the country but declined greatly the following year. Many workers who worked abroad and sent money back home suffered as well as jobs in the Gulf Coast were cut backed or shutdown. 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Second Foundation 2. Two Men without the Mule Free Essays

string(35) " start from Trantor as zero point\." The ship was in near-readiness. Nothing lacked, but the destination. The Mule had suggested a return to Trantor – the world that was the bulk of an incomparable Galactic metropolis of the hugest Empire mankind had ever known – the dead world that had been capital of all the stars. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 2. Two Men without the Mule or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pritcher disapproved. It was an old path – sucked dry. He found Bail Channis in the ship’s navigation room. The young man’s curly hair was just sufficiently disheveled to allow a single curl to droop over the forehead – as if it had been carefully placed there – and even teeth showed in a smile that matched it. Vaguely, the stiff officer felt himself harden against the other. Channis’ excitement was evident, â€Å"Pritcher, it’s too far a coincidence.† The general said coldly: â€Å"I’m not aware of the subject of conversation.† â€Å"Oh- Well, then drag up a chair, old man, and let’s get into it. I’ve been going over your notes. I find them excellent.† â€Å"How†¦ pleasant that you do.† â€Å"But I’m wondering if you’ve come to the conclusions I have. Have you ever tried analyzing the problem deductively? I mean, it’s all very well to comb the stars at random, and to have done all you did in five expeditions is quite a bit of star-hopping. That’s obvious. But have you calculated how long it would take to go through every known world at this rate?† â€Å"Yes. Several times,† Pritcher felt no urge to meet the young man halfway, but there was the importance of filching the other’s mind – the other’s uncontrolled, and hence, unpredictable, mind. â€Å"Well, then, suppose we’re analytical about it and try to decide just what we’re looking for?† â€Å"The Second Foundation,† said Pritcher, grimly. â€Å"A Foundation of psychologists,† corrected Channis, â€Å"who are as weak in physical science as the First Foundation was weak in psychology. Well, you’re from the First Foundation, which I’m not. The implications are probably obvious to you. We must find a world which rules by virtue of mental skills, and yet which is very backwards scientifically.† â€Å"Is that necessarily so?† questioned Pritcher, quietly. â€Å"Our own ‘Union of Worlds’ isn’t backwards scientifically, even though our ruler owes his strength to his mental powers.† â€Å"Because he has the skills of the First Foundation to draw upon,† came the slightly impatient answer, â€Å"and that is the only such reservoir of knowledge in the Galaxy. The Second Foundation must live among the dry crumbs of the broken Galactic Empire. There are no pickings there.† â€Å"So then you postulate mental power sufficient to establish their rule over a group of worlds and physical helplessness as well?† â€Å"Comparative physical helplessness. Against the decadent neighboring areas, they are competent to defend themselves. Against the resurgent forces of the Mule, with his background of a mature atomic economy, they cannot stand. Else, why is their location so well-hidden, both at the start by the founder, Hari Seldon, and now by themselves. Your own First Foundation made no secret of its existence and did not have it made for them, when they were an undefended single city on a lonely planet three hundred years ago.† The smooth lines of Pritcher’s dark face twitched sardonically. ‘And now that you’ve finished your deep analysis, would you like a list of all the kingdoms, republics, planet states and dictatorships of one sort or another in that political wilderness out there that correspond to your description and to several factors besides?† â€Å"All this has been considered then?† Channis lost none of his brashness. â€Å"You won’t find it here, naturally, but we have a completely worked out guide to the political units of the Opposing Periphery. Really, did you suppose the Mule would work entirely hit-and-miss?† â€Å"Well, then† and the young man’s voice rose in a burst of energy, â€Å"what of the Oligarchy of Tazenda?† Pritcher touched his ear thoughtfully, â€Å"Tazenda? Oh, I think I know it. They’re not in the Periphery, are they? It seems to me they’re fully a third of the way towards the center of the Galaxy.† â€Å"Yes. What of that?† â€Å"The records we have place the Second Foundation at the other end of the Galaxy. Space knows it’s the only thing we have to go on. Why talk of Tazenda anyway? Its angular deviation from the First Foundation radian is only about one hundred ten to one hundred twenty degrees anyway. Nowhere near one hundred eighty.† â€Å"There’s another point in the records. The Second Foundation was established at ‘Star’s End.'† â€Å"No such region in the Galaxy has ever been located.† â€Å"Because it was a local name, suppressed later for greater secrecy. Or maybe one invented for the purpose by Seldon and his group. Yet there’s some relationship between ‘Star’s End’ and ‘Tazenda,’ don’t you think?† â€Å"A vague similarity in sound? Insufficient.† ‘Have you ever been there?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Yet it is mentioned in your records.† â€Å"Where? Oh, yes, but that was merely to take on food and water. There was certainly nothing remarkable about the world.† â€Å"Did you land at the ruling planet? The center of government?† â€Å"I couldn’t possibly say.† Channis brooded about it under the other’s cold gaze. Then, â€Å"Would you look at the Lens with me for a moment?† â€Å"Certainly.† The Lens was perhaps the newest feature of the interstellar cruisers of the day. Actually, it was a complicated calculating machine which could throw on a screen a reproduction of the night sky as seen from any given point of the Galaxy. Channis adjusted the co-ordinate points and the wall lights of the pilot room were extinguished. In the dim red light at the control board of the Lens, Channis’ face glowed ruddily. Pritcher sat in the pilot seat, long legs crossed, face lost in the gloom. Slowly, as the induction period passed, the points of light brightened on the screen. And then they were thick and bright with the generously populated star-groupings of the Galaxy’s center. â€Å"This,† explained Channis, â€Å"is the winter night-sky as seen from Trantor. That is the important point that, as far as I know, has been neglected so far in your search. All intelligent orientation must start from Trantor as zero point. You read "Second Foundation 2. Two Men without the Mule" in category "Essay examples" Trantor was the capital of the Galactic Empire. Even more so scientifically and culturally, than politically. And, therefore, the significance of any descriptive name should stem, nine times out of ten, from a Trantorian orientation. You’ll remember in this connection that, although Seldon was from Helicon, towards the Periphery, his group worked on Trantor itself.† â€Å"What is it you’re trying to show me?† Pritcher’s level voice plunged icily into the gathering enthusiasm of the other. â€Å"The map will explain it. Do you see the dark nebula?† The shadow of his arm fell upon the screen, which took on the bespanglement of the Galaxy. The pointing finger ended on a tiny patch of black that seemed a hole in the speckled fabric of light. â€Å"The stellagraphical records call it Pelot’s Nebula. Watch it. I’m going to expand the image.† Pritcher had watched the phenomenon of Lens Image expansion before but he still caught his breath. It was like being at the visiplate of a spaceship storming through a horribly crowded Galaxy without entering hyperspace. The stars diverged towards them from a common center, flared outwards and tumbled off the edge of the screen. Single points became double, then globular. Hazy patches dissolved into myriad points. And always that illusion of motion. Channis spoke through it all, â€Å"You’ll notice that we are moving along the direct line from Trantor to Pelot’s Nebula, so that in effect we are still looking at a stellar orientation equivalent to that of Trantor. There is probably a slight error because of the gravitic deviation of light that I haven’t the math to calculate for, but I’m sure it can’t be significant.† The darkness was spreading over the screen. As the rate of magnification slowed, the stars slipped off the four ends of the screen in a regretful leave-taking. At the rims of the growing nebula, the brilliant universe of stars shone abruptly in token for that light which was merely hidden behind the swirling unradiating atom fragments of sodium and calcium that filled cubic parsecs of space. And Channis pointed again, â€Å"This has been called ‘The Mouth’ by the inhabitants of that region of space. And that is significant because it is only from the Trantorian orientation that it looks like a mouth.† What he indicated was a rift in the body of the Nebula, shaped like a ragged, grinning mouth in profile, outlined by the glazing glory of the starlight with which it was filled. â€Å"Follow ‘The Mouth.’ † said Channis. â€Å"Follow ‘The Mouth’ towards the gullet as it narrows down to a thin, splintering line of light. Again the screen expanded a trifle, until the Nebula stretched away from â€Å"The Mouth† to block off all the screen but that narrow trickle and Channis’ finger silently followed it down, to where it straggled to a halt, and then, as his finger continued moving onward, to a spot where one single star sparked lonesomely; and there his finger halted, for beyond that was blackness, unrelieved. â€Å"‘Star’s End,'† said the young man, simply. â€Å"The fabric of the Nebula is thin there and the light of that one star finds its way through in just that one direction – to shine on Trantor.† â€Å"You’re tying to tell me that-† the voice of the Mule’s general died in suspicion. â€Å"I’m not trying. That is Tazenda – Star’s End.† The lights went on. The Lens flicked off. Pritcher reached Channis in three long strides, â€Å"What made you think of this?† And Channis leaned back in his chair with a queerly puzzled expression on his face. â€Å"It was accidental. I’d like to take intellectual credit for this, but it was only accidental. In any case, however it happens, it fits. According to our references, Tazenda is an oligarchy. It rules twenty-seven inhabited planets. It is not advanced scientifically. And most of all, it is an obscure world that has adhered to a strict neutrality in the local politics of that stellar region, and is not expansionist. I think we ought to see it.† â€Å"Have you informed the Mule of this?† â€Å"No. Nor shall we. We’re in space now, about to make the first hop.† Pritcher, in sudden horror, sprang to the visiplate. Cold space met his eyes when he adjusted it. He gazed fixedly at the view, then turned. Automatically, his hand reached for the hard, comfortable curve of the butt of his blaster. â€Å"By whose order?† â€Å"By my order, general†- it was the first time Channis had ever used the other’s title -â€Å"while I was engaging you here. You probably felt no acceleration, because it came at the moment I was expanding the field of the Lens and you undoubtedly imagined it to be an illusion of the apparent star motion.† â€Å"Why? Just what are you doing? What was the point of your nonsense about Tazenda, then?† â€Å"That was no nonsense. I was completely serious. We’re going there. We left today because we were scheduled to leave three days from now. General, you don’t believe there is a Second Foundation, and I do. You are merely following the Mule’s orders without faith; I recognize a serious danger. The Second Foundation has now had five years to prepare. How they’ve prepared, I don’t know, but what if they have agents on Kalgan. If I carry about in my mind the knowledge of the whereabouts of the Second Foundation, they may discover that. My life might be no longer safe, and I have a great affection for my life. Even on a thin and remote possibility such as that, I would rather play safe. So no one knows of Tazenda but you, and you found out only after we were out in space. And even so, there is the question of the crew.† Channis was smiling again, ironically, in obviously complete control of the situation. Pritcher’s hand fell away from his blaster, and for a moment a vague discomfort pierced him. What kept him from action? What deadened him? There was a time when he was a rebellious and unpromoted captain of the First Foundation’s commercial empire, when it would have been himself rather than Channis who would have taken prompt and daring action such as that. Was the Mule right? Was his controlled mind so concerned with obedience as to lose initiative? He felt a thickening despondency drive him down into a strange lassitude. He said, â€Å"Well done! However, you will consult me in the future before making decisions of this nature.† The flickering signal caught his attention. â€Å"That’s the engine room,† said Channis, casually. â€Å"They warmed up on five minutes’ notice and I asked them to let me know if there was any trouble. Want to hold the fort?† Pritcher nodded mutely, and cogitated in the sudden loneliness on the evils of approaching fifty. The visiplate was sparsely starred. The main body of the Galaxy misted one end. What if he were free of the Mule’s influence- But he recoiled in horror at the thought. *** Chief Engineer Huxlani looked sharply at the young, ununiformed man who carried himself with the assurance of a Fleet officer and seemed to be in a position of authority. Huxlani, as a regular Fleet man from the days his chin had dripped milk, generally confused authority with specific insignia. But the Mule had appointed this man, and the Mule was, of course, the last word. The only word for that matter. Not even subconsciously did he question that. Emotional control went deep. He handed Channis the little oval object without a word. Channis hefted it, and smiled engagingly. â€Å"You’re a Foundation man, aren’t you, chief?† â€Å"Yes, sir. I served in the Foundation Fleet eighteen years before the First Citizen took over.† â€Å"Foundation training in engineering?† â€Å"Qualified Technician, First Class – Central School on Anacreon.† â€Å"Good enough. And you found this on the communication circuit, where I asked you to look?† â€Å"Yes, Sir.† â€Å"Does it belong there?† â€Å"No, Sir.† â€Å"Then what is it?† â€Å"A hypertracer, sir.† â€Å"That’s not enough. I’m not a Foundation man. What is it?† â€Å"It’s a device to allow the ship to be traced through hyperspace.† â€Å"In other words we can be followed anywhere.† â€Å"Yes, Sir.† â€Å"All right. It’s a recent invention, isn’t it? It was developed by one of the Research Institutes set up by the First Citizen, wasn’t it?† â€Å"I believe so, Sir.† â€Å"And its workings are a government secret. Right?† â€Å"I, believe so, Sir.† â€Å"Yet here it is. Intriguing.† Channis tossed the hypertracer methodically from hand to hand for a few seconds. Then, sharply, he held it out, â€Å"Take it, then, and put it back exactly where you found it and exactly how you found it. Understand? And then forget this incident. Entirely!† The chief choked down his near-automatic salute, turned sharply and left. The ship bounded through the Galaxy, its path a wide-spaced dotted line through the stars. The dots, referred to, were the scant stretches of ten to sixty light-seconds spent in normal space and between them stretched the hundred-and-up light-year gaps that represented the â€Å"hops† through hyperspace. Bail Channis sat at the control panel of the Lens and felt again the involuntary surge of near-worship at the contemplation of it. He was not a Foundation man and the interplay of forces at the twist of a knob or the breaking of a contact was not second nature to him. Not that the Lens ought quite to bore even a Foundation man. Within its unbelievably compact body were enough electronic circuits to pin-point accurately a hundred million separate stars in exact relationship to each other. And as if that were not a feat in itself, it was further capable of translating any given portion of the Galactic Field along any of the three spatial axes or to rotate any portion of the Field about a center. It was because of that, that the Lens had performed a near-revolution in interstellar travel. In the younger days of interstellar travel, the calculation of each â€Å"hop† through hyperspace meant any amount of work from a day to a week – and the larger portion of such work was the more or less precise calculation of â€Å"Ship’s Position† on the Galactic scale of reference. Essentially that meant the accurate observation of at least three widely-spaced stars, the position of which, with reference to the arbitrary Galactic triple-zero, were known. And it is the word â€Å"known,† that is the catch. To any who know the star field well from one certain reference point, stars are as individual as people. Jump ten parsecs, however, and not even your own sun is recognizable. It may not even be visible. The answer was, of course, spectroscopic analysis. For centuries, the main object of interstellar engineering was the analysis of the â€Å"light signature† of more and more stars in greater and greater detail. With this, and the growing precision of the â€Å"hop† itself, standard routes of travel through the Galaxy were adopted and interstellar travel became less of an art and more of a science. And yet, even under the Foundation with improved calculating machines and a new method of mechanically scanning the star field for a known â€Å"light signature,† it sometimes took days to locate three stars and then calculate position in regions not previously familiar to the pilot. It was the Lens that changed all that. For one thing it required only a single known star. For another, even a space tyro such as Channis could operate it. The nearest sizable star at the moment was Vincetori, according to â€Å"hop† calculations, and on the visiplate now, a bright star was centered. Channis hoped that it was Vincetori. The field screen of the Lens was thrown directly next that of the visiplate and with careful fingers, Channis punched out the co-ordinates of Vincetori. He closed a relay, and the star field sprang to bright view. In it, too, a bright star was centered, but otherwise there seemed no relationship. He adjusted the Lens along the Z-Axis and expanded the Field to where the photometer showed both centered stars to be of equal brightness. Channis looked for a second star, sizably bright, on the visiplate and found one on the field screen to correspond. Slowly, he rotated the screen to similar angular deflection. He twisted his mouth and rejected the result with a grimace. Again he rotated and another bright star was brought into position, and a third. And then he grinned. That did it. Perhaps a specialist with trained relationship perception might have clicked first try, but he’d settle for three. That was the adjustment. In the final step, the two fields overlapped and merged into a sea of not-quite-rightness. Most of the stars were close doubles. But the fine adjustment did not take long. The double stars melted together, one field remained, and the â€Å"Ship’s Position† could now be read directly off the dials. The entire procedure had taken less than half an hour. Channis found Han Pritcher in his private quarters. The general was quite apparently preparing for bed. He looked up. â€Å"News?† â€Å"Not particularly. We’ll be at Tazenda in another hop.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"I don’t want to bother you if you’re turning in, but have you looked through the film we picked up in Cil?† Han Pritcher cast a disparaging look at the article in question, where it lay in its black case upon his low bookshelf, â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And what do you think?† â€Å"I think that if there was ever any science to History, it has been quite lost in this region of the Galaxy.† Channis grinned broadly, â€Å"I know what you mean. Rather barren, isn’t it?† â€Å"Not if you enjoy personal chronicles of rulers. Probably unreachable, I should say, in both directions. Where history concerns mainly personalities, the drawings become either black or white according to the interests of the writer. I find it all remarkably useless.† â€Å"But there is talk about Tazenda. That’s the point I tried to make when I gave you the film. It’s the only one I could find that even mentioned them.† â€Å"All right. They have good rulers and bad. They’ve conquered a few planets, won some battles, lost a few. There is nothing distinctive about them. I don’t think much of your theory, Channis.† â€Å"But you’ve missed a few points. Didn’t you notice that they never formed coalitions? They always remained completely outside the politics of this corner of the star swarm. As you say, they conquered a few planets, but then they stopped – and that without any startling defeat of consequence. It’s just as if they spread out enough to protect themselves, but not enough to attract attention.† â€Å"Very well,† came the unemotional response. â€Å"I have no objection to landing. At the worst – a little lost time.† â€Å"Oh, no. At the worst – complete defeat. If it is the Second Foundation. Remember it would be a world of space-knows-how-many Mules.† â€Å"What do you plan to do?† â€Å"Land on some minor subject planet. Find out as much as we can about Tazenda first, then improvise from that.† â€Å"All right. No objection. If you don’t mind now, I would like the light out.† Channis left with a wave of his hand. And in the darkness of a tiny room in an island of driving metal lost in the vastness of space, General Han Pritcher remained awake, following the thoughts that led him through such fantastic reaches. If everything he had so painfully decided were true – and how all the facts were beginning to fit – then Tazenda was the Second Foundation. There was no way out. But how? How? Could it be Tazenda? An ordinary world? One without distinction? A slum lost amid the wreckage of an Empire? A splinter among the fragments? He remembered, as from a distance, the Mule’s shriveled face and his thin voice as he used to speak of the old Foundation psychologist, Ebling Mis, the one man who had – maybe – learned the secret of the Second Foundation. Pritcher recalled the tension of the Mule’s words: â€Å"It was as if astonishment had overwhelmed Mis. It was as though something about the Second Foundation had surpassed all his expectations, had driven in a direction completely different from what he might have assumed. If I could only have read his thoughts rather than his emotions. Yet the emotions were plain – and above everything else was this vast surprise.† Surprise was the keynote. Something supremely astonishing! And now came this boy, this grinning youngster, glibly joyful about Tazenda and its undistinguished subnormality. And he had to be right. He had to. Otherwise, nothing made sense. Pritcher’s last conscious thought had a touch of grimness. That hypertracer along the Etheric tube was still there. He had checked it one hour back, with Channis well out of the way. Second Interlude It was a casual meeting in the anteroom of the Council Chamber – just a few moments before passing into the Chamber to take up the business of the day – and the few thoughts flashed back and forth quickly. â€Å"So the Mule is on his way.† â€Å"That’s what I hear, too. Risky! Mighty risky!† â€Å"Not if affairs adhere to the functions set up.† â€Å"The Mule is not an ordinary man – and it is difficult to manipulate his chosen instruments without detection by him. The controlled minds are difficult to touch. They say he’s caught on to a few cases.† â€Å"Yes, I don’t see how that can be avoided.† â€Å"Uncontrolled minds are easier. But so few are in positions of authority under him-â€Å" They entered the Chamber. Others of the Second Foundation followed them. How to cite Second Foundation 2. Two Men without the Mule, Essay examples

Such An Issue Stirs Up Moral And Religious Beliefs; Essays

Such an issue stirs up moral and religious beliefs; beliefs that are contrary to what America should "believe". However, such a debate has been apparent in the American marketplace of ideas before with the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920's. With the illegality of alcohol the mafia could produce liquor and therefore had considerable control over those who wanted their substance and service. The role that the mafia played in the 1920's has transformed into the corner drug dealers and drug cartel of the 1990's. The justification that legalized alcohol under Amendment 21 in 1933 should also legalize drugs in 1996. With the legalization of drugs a decrease in deaths related to drug deals would occur and also the price would lessen because bigger businesses could produce drugs at a cheaper price. Thus, reducing crimes that are committed to support a drug habit. Another drug that has played a major role in American society is nicotine. For hundreds of years, cigarettes have been a popular legal drug within the United States. Only through legalization and education has the popularity and the use of cigarettes declined within the past ten years. Physically, the actual consequences of using illicit drugs is much less than of using drugs like alcohol or cigarettes and the consequences will be diminished. Illicit drugs can and will be made safer than they are in the present system. In making comparisons, the best is to look at how countries are functioning that have less enforcement on drugs and what the statistics were after drugs were decriminalized. Within the last thirty years many groups have their attempts. The use of drugs is a victimless crime much like homosexuality. Homosexuals have fought for a great deal of freedom that is based on their basic human rights; the right to make decisions and act freely based on what is protected under the Constitution, so long as anyone else is not affected. Economically, the production of drugs in the United States would benefit the financial well being of the American government and people. Taxes should immediately be placed on drugs thus resulting in a significant increase in government income. The more money that government receives is more money that they can put towards the education of how drugs effect the human mind and body. Prohibition breeds disrespect for law?enforcement; the agency that "should" hold the highest respect of the American society. Money spent on prohibition is an overwhelming figure that is not needed and is obviously accomplishing little. Those who want to be controlled by a substance should have every right to do so, because this right has equal jurisdiction as any other human right that has emerged from the sea of oppression and persecuted freedoms. The deaths resulting in the acquiring of alcohol have all but disappeared. When all non?medical dealings in alcohol were prohibited in the United States in 1919, the results were very similar to today's drug trade. Alcohol quality was brewed illicitly; importers were considered criminals and behaved as such; protection rackets, bribes and gang warfare organized crime in the United States. (Boaz, p.118) The enforcement budget rose from $7 million in 1921 to $15 million in 1930, $108 million in 1988 dollars. In 1926, the Senate Judiciary Committee produced a 1,650-page report evaluating enforcement efforts and proposing reforms. In 1927, the Bureau of Prohibition was created to streamline enforcement efforts, and agents were brought under civil service protection to eliminate corruption and improve professionalism. In that same year, President Hoover appointed a blue-ribbon commission to evaluate enforcement efforts and recommend reforms. Three years later Prohibition was over and alcohol was legalized.(Boaz, pps.49?50) Immediately, the bootlegger stopped running around the streets supplying illicit contraband. People stopped worrying about drunks mugging them in the streets or breaking into their apartments to get funds to buy a pint of wine. We now deal with alcohol abuse as a medical problem. Let us deal with the drug problem in the same way. Let us try not to repeat the mistakes of the past by continuing to escalate a war that is totally unnecessary.(Boaz, p.120) The repeal of alcohol prohibition provides the perfect analogy. Repeal did not end alcoholismas indeed Prohibition did not--but it did solve many of the problems created by Prohibition, such as corruption, murder, and poisoned alcohol.(Boaz, p.50) We can expect no more and no less from drug legalization today. United States has not tried to ban the use of tobacco on cigarette smoking is one of America's most dangerous drug habits. Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco, is exceedingly poisonous. When isolated and taken orally, it can bring death in a matter of minutes. Cigarette tobacco contains about 1.5 percent